Science 243:646–648īailey NW, Gwynne DT, Ritchie MG (2007) Dispersal differences predict population genetic structure in Mormon crickets. The Condor 51:250–258Īvise JC, Nelson WS (1989) Molecular genetic relationships of the extinct dusky seaside sparrow. Biological Survey of Canada, Ottawa, pp 25–43Īmadon D (1949) The seventy-five per cent rule for subspecies. In: Floate KD (ed) Arthropods of Canadian grasslands (volume 2): inhabitants of a changing landscape. Arthropods of Canadian Grasslands, Biological Survey of Canada 10:6-13Īcorn JH (2011) Sand hill arthropods in grasslands. ![]() University of Alberta Press, Edmonton, Stalkers on the SandĪcorn JH (2004) Grassland tiger beetles in Canada. Intercept Press, Andover, p 256Īcorn JH (2001) Tiger Beetles of Alberta: Killers on the Clay. In: Noonan GE, Ball GE, Stork NE (eds) The biogeography of ground beetles of mountains and islands. Collectively, our results reveal general congruence between mitochondrial and nuclear genetic data but conflict with color pattern, the conventional basis for subspecies designations in tiger beetles.Īcorn JH (1992) The historical development of geographic color variation among dune Cicindela in western Canada. Both subspecies are evolutionarily significant units, and each deserves consideration for conservation listing. gibsoni to be endemic to Canada and describe the novel subspecies C. formosa in western Canada and northwestern Colorado may have independently evolved similar color patterns. ![]() ![]() These data, coupled with previously documented differences in larval morphology, suggest that populations of C. Instead of clustering by color pattern, analyses of mitochondrial and nuclear markers recovered three geographically structured genetic groupings: a northern cluster from Canada, a southwestern cluster from northwestern Colorado, and a southeastern cluster of US populations east of the Continental Divide. gibsoni represents one or more genetically distinctive units, we sampled 14 populations within or near this subspecies’ disjunct North American range and assessed their genetic differentiation from neighboring and phenotypically distinctive populations of C. One example of a controversial subspecies is Cicindela formosa gibsoni, a tiger beetle that is nationally listed as threatened in Canada and whose taxonomic status is based primarily on its unique elytral (forewing) color pattern. Conservation biologists have long debated the value of subspecies, which are morphologically and geographically identifiable but not necessarily evolutionarily distinctive.
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